Wild Scenes Essay Example for Free

Wild Scenes Essay Bill Crow’s Jazz Anecdotes is a thought-provoking, often amusing collection of stories from within jazz’s inner circles, told by and about some of the genre’s leading figures. While not a history of jazz, it gives readers some insights to how jazz artists worked, lived, bonded, and coped with an America in which many were still outsiders. The book’s forty-three chapters (expanded from the original 1990 edition) describe the life jazz musicians shared, offering insights into a rather exclusive, unconventional circle of performing artists. The numerous anecdotes are categorized by chapters, gathering related tales and moving from a general overview of jazz life to anecdotes about individuals, like Louis Armstrong, Miles Davis, and Benny Goodman. Essentially, Crow creates a context in which jazz musicians lived, and then places individual musicians within it, giving readers a better understanding of how they functioned in this rarified climate. For example, the volume opens with â€Å"Wild Scenes,† which Crow says describes how â€Å"the individuality of jazz musicians combines with the capricious world in which they try to make a living† (Crow 3). The brief chapter sets the stage for the rest of the book, giving glimpses of the unconventional world jazz musicians inhabited (which explains to some degree their relationship to society at large). â€Å"The Word ‘Jazz’† contains attempts to explain the origins of the genre’s name, and â€Å"Inventions† offers accounts of how certain innovations occurred (such as Dizzy Gillespie’s distinctive bent trumpet), giving the reader a sense of history though the work is not an orthodox history per se. Many of the stories contained in Jazz Anecdotes convey the musicians’ camaraderie and warmth toward each other, as well as each other’s idiosyncrasies. Others convey how difficult and often arbitrary the jazz lifestyle often was. â€Å"Hiring and Firing† demonstrates how unstable many musicians’ careers were, rife with disputes over money or dismissals for their personal quirks. (For example, Count Basie fired Lester Young for refusing to participate in recording sessions occurring on the 13th of any month. ) â€Å"Managers, Agents, and Bosses† offers a glimpse into the seamier underside of jazz, where dishonest managers and mobsters often trapped jazz performers in unfair contracts or worse. Though jazz musicians appear to inhabit a special world, Crow does not discuss jazz in a social vacuum, tying it to social phenomena like race relations. In â€Å"Prejudice,† the tales take a more serious tone by showing how black jazz artists faced abundant racism, particularly in the South. However, Crow notes that â€Å"Jazz helped to start the erosion of racial prejudice in America . . . [because] it drew whites and blacks together into a common experience† (Crow 148). Jazz artists dealt with racism in various ways – Bessie Smith and Billie Holiday stood up to it while Zutty Singleton accepted it. Meanwhile, even white musicians like Stan Smith angered both races – whites for performing with blacks, and blacks for â€Å"intruding on their music† (Crow 152). The final chapters focus on individual artists, illustrating the greats’ personalities. Louis Armstrong emerges as earthy and good-hearted; Bessie Smith as strong and willful but ultimately self-destructive; Fats Waller is an impish pleasure-seeker given to excellent music but poor business decisions; and Benny Goodman as gifted but tight-fisted and controlling. Taken as a whole, Jazz Anecdotes offers a look at jazz’s human side, including its foibles, genius, camaraderie, crookedness, and connection to an American society from which it sometimes stood apart. Its legendary figures are depicted as gifted, devoted artists who enjoyed hedonism, companionship, and particularly independence. If any single thing stands out in this book, it is the latter; for the figures in this work, jazz meant creativity and freedom, which they pursued with equal vigor and vitality. Crow, Bill. Jazz Anecdotes. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

College Writing in a Democratic and Digital Society :: Education College Technology Essays

College Writing in a Democratic and Digital Society Citizens of the United States spend obscene amounts of money to get a quality college education. For example, Rhetoric classes at Oakland University are costing each student about $600 to take for one semester. What are students getting for their money? One way to really make this class part of the college experience, and worth the high cost, would be to involve multiculturalism. Writing about and listening to other peoples personal experiences can help students learn about and better understand other cultures. This is important because it can help students learn about each other, themselves and the rest of the world. By learning about other cultures students may be able to break down existing barriers and expand their horizons. Rhetoric classes have become much more advanced in the area of technology. Technology has advanced all over the world, including in the classroom. Now the question is how do we use this technology to help better our education as well as our society. We need t o use this technology as a tool for literacy (Camper). Rhetoric teachers across the nation are taking different approaches to meeting the goal of spreading multiculturalism. A Professor of Rhetoric and Composition, from the University of Texas at Austin, named Maxine Hairston takes an interesting approach to teaching writing. She describes this style of teaching in an article entitled "Diversity, Ideology, and Teaching Writing." Hairston is a strong believer in spreading multiculturalism in education. She believes in a teaching style that allows students to express themselves freely through writing. Through this exchange of ideas, values, opinions, traditions and personal experiences students recognize and relate to other cultures and backgrounds. Hairston states that "these students bring with them a kaleidoscope of experiences, values, dialects, and cultural backgrounds that we want to respond to positively, using every resource we can to help them adapt to the academic world and become active participants in it" (Hairston). Basically, what Hairston wants to do is develop a curriculum that is not based on text book drills, but rather on the experience s of the students in the class. However, there are many students like myself, that spent all of their High School years in an environment with very little to no cultural diversity. I grew up in a neighborhood where I was surrounded by people that all shared a similar nationality, ethnic background, and even social class.

Ethical behavior principle Essay

The behavior of each and every person is control by moral and the guiding principles. This is normally portrayed in our daily usual acts, and hence shaping of our ethical behavior is critical in the making sound decision and upholds the trust of the public. A successful business is only possible if there is a strong and profound held value. Most companies will set up strategy of coming up with the required values in order to attract their prospective clients, manage their workers, and attained the expected development of the company. The guiding principles of ethical behaviors which these companies will struggle to uphold are based on the values. According to American Psychological Association, (1953) these values include beneficence and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsibility, integrity, justice, respects for people’s rights, and dignity. Coordination and active participation of the workers will be of great importance in attracting the attention of the clients. In any organization, leaders will continually strive to ensure that their company achieved its standard. Their main aim is to make sure that the rights of the employees are taken care of, and that the company in general performs well at all cost. In order to achieve this, their actions will be guided by the ethical values which will assist them in the decision making processes (Leal, 1998).

China And Japan Brief Introduction - 851 Words

China and Japan Brief Introduction China, officially the People s Republic of China (PRC) and it is a Sovereign State in East Asia; it is the world most crowded nation, with a populace of more than 1.4 Billion as indicated by Worldmeters. China is a communist country. Beijing is the capital of China while Shanghai is the largest city and the currency is called Renminbi. Japan is an Island country in the East Asia, situated in the Pacific Ocean with populace of 126,880,000 appraisals in 2015. Japan national official language is Japanese and Tokyo is the capital. Comparison between of China and Japan Utilizing Hofstede s six measurements called the Lens of the 6-D Model. China Positions high for both power distance (PD) and long term orientation (LTO), the high positioning for LTO is characteristic of a general public that jelly custom, puts high esteem on instruction and preparing, and is slanted to overcome obstructions with time. In time of individualism (IDV), China rank lower than Japan. China s solid collectivist mindset sets a point of reference where everybody assumes liability for take after individuals from their group, however these group are unmistakably characterized inside of the chain of importance or hierarchy. Confucian philosophy is touchy to chain of hierarchy and the instructing of Confucius is firmly woven into the general public on the loose. Relationship are esteemed to be unequal and these disparities are regarded. Older folks naturallyShow MoreRelatedHistorical And Current Usage, And Control Mechanisms842 Words   |  4 Pagesarticle will begin with a brief summary. The summary will include the introduction of Kudzu, historical an d current usage, and control mechanisms. Following, there will be a personal critic of the article which will include, why it was chosen, personal impression, and its significance. In conclusion, there will be a brief discussion on the relationship between the article and course. Kudzu, also known as pueraria montana, was first introduced into the United States from Japan in 1876, it was plantedRead MoreCharacteristics, Issues And Trends Of The Region From An Agricultural Perspective1308 Words   |  6 Pagesthe information provided by the universities of Kansas State and Massey. The focus of this report is to identify and describe important characteristics, issues and trends of the region from an agricultural perspective. To provide an introduction and insight first a brief summary of East Asia will be provided. East Asia includes approximately 15 countries, within this there is a population of 1.974 billion people. Of the total population 51% live within rural areas resulting in agriculture makingRead MoreWorld Civilization : A Thousand Year History Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesThousand Year history picks up in 700 AD in Asia and ranges to the twentieth century. It also covers many many countries and continents including Unites States of America Printing, gunpowder, clockwork and powered textile machines were invented in China a thousand years ago, and it is often assumed that this was a one-way influence on European technology. In the 20th century, by contrast, it is assumed that most inventions originate in the West and are then transferred to other nations. In thisRead MoreJapans Economic History in the Last Forty Years Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesIn the 1970s Japan had one of the world’s most-admired economies. Economists believed it would achieve the highest living standards and continue to develop the best technologies. At that time, Japan boosted he world’s second largest gross national product and eventually reached number one by the late 1980s However, everything changed in the early 1990s, and Japan entered what has been described as its first lost decade (Kuepper, n.d.). Economists and historians have studied the causes for Japan’sRead MoreNew Zealand s Export And Export Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages1. Introduction The following document gives a brief report about New Zealand’s current import and export spend and relation to other countries, industrial sector, and products. Besides, it also explains about the trade agreements in which New Zealand is party to and agreements which are under negotiation and proposed. Moreover, an export product is chosen and what are the reasons that lead to choose that particular product. Furthermore, it gives a summary about the supporting organizations thatRead MoreAn Introduction To Australian Dairy Industry1695 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction and Purpose of report Exporting plays an important role for a small country like Australia, which has a very small domestic market (ATC 2014). It increases competitiveness as there will be increased level of competition with more firms in the global market which will encourage to make every effort for the best business practices, most innovative techniques, best use of technology and so on (ATC 2014). The evidence also show that exporting help the long-term survival of firms in theRead MoreTeaching Methods And Techniques And Materials For The Classroom1214 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of techniques and materials for use in the classroom†. In Japan as well, as Blyth (2011:71) indicates, there has seemed to be no strategic pedagogy for listening, especially from a perspective of communicative language teaching. English teachers in Japan tend to keep giving common advice like ‘just listen to aural materials as much as possible and that’ll enhance your listening comprehension further in the future’. Furthermore, in Japan, there is even a nationally famous ‘fraudulent’ English learningRead MoreCulture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1553 Words   |  7 Pagesfostered by social patterns unique to the group. China is one of the most complex nations in the world. From its many different aspects of culture to its complex physical geography and storied military history. My paper will provide a brief view into the nation’s language, music, religion, cuisine, and arts. I will also provide a weather analysis and how its effects on the country’s economy and civil considerations. Language The language in China is Standard Chinese (known locally as Putonghua),Read MoreToyota Business Model Analysis989 Words   |  4 Pages TOYOTA BUSINESS MODEL ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION Ambitious enterprises, in order to achieve and maintain profitability, no doubt, will have to expand overseas business. In order to gain additional market share, sales, and profits, numerous companies proved that foreign markets are never a flat plain field and full of traps, it is not just an adventure. Adventurers have to confront cross-border management coordination, unions, and local consumer’s preferences over products and services, local governmentRead MoreDifferent Aspects Of Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1554 Words   |  7 Pagesfostered by social patterns unique to the group. China is one of the most complex nations in the world. From its many different aspects of culture to its complex physical geography and storied military history. My paper will provide a brief view of the nation s language, music, religion, cuisine, and arts. I will also provide a weather analysis and how its effects on the country s economy and civil considerations. Language The language in China is Standard Chinese (known locally as Putonghua),

Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs - 864 Words

Motivation is one of the most important tools in today’s workplace. Managers use motivation to inspire and influence people to work, both independently and team-wise, to produce the most efficient and effective results and productivity. They want to inspire employees to work toward organization’s goals. Moreover, in order to have an impact on employees, managers need to identify and understand what factors drive their employees. Some questions that manager should ask include: What kind of work environment will motivate people? What are the necessary rewards, both intrinsic and extrinsic, to encourage high performance and help maintain motivated performance? In management and organizational behavior, there are numerous theories of motivation, this paper will look specifically at Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and its claim on what motivates people. Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs is designed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943. It claims that within every human being, there ex ists a hierarchy of needs (Robbins and Judge). In the simple term, it means that we as human are motivated to achieve certain needs in all aspects of our lives. Our basic needs are inherent and deep-seated and we do everything in our power to acquire those needs. The theory consists of five state models, starting from the most basic needs at the bottom of a pyramid to the most complex needs at the top of a pyramid. According to the theory, we must satisfy each need and start from the lower levels in order toShow MoreRelatedMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1741 Words   |  7 PagesMaslow’s hierarchy of needs and Herzberg’s. The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs include five levels, and at the certain extent, reflect the rule of human s activities on psychological and behavior. Herzberg’ describe the more details of worker agree or disagree about working. In this essay, more related knowledge details and effects will de described, then, analysis the two theories indi vidual, choose a better one. II. Describe the two theories. 2.1Maslow’s hierarchy of needs The Maslow’s hierarchy of needsRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1536 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstanding of how to motivate different personality types. In the research I am going to compare Maslow’s hierarchy of needs against Lawrence and Nohira’s 4 drive theory in an attempt to better understand their possible uses inside an organizational structure. Let’s first take a look a look at the two theories before discussing their potential benefit. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. We need to keep in mind that Maslow’s field was phycology, so his research was done from a medical viewpoint more soRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1524 Words   |  7 PagesSummary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed the theories of motivation because he felt that the sophistication of human behavior could not be portrayed through reinforcement or rewards. He felt that human action were directed toward realization and fulfillments and that behavior could be gratified while using multiple types of needs at the same time. Maslow wanted to find positive motivation as to why people react or engage in certain behaviors. He felt that basic survivalRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1295 Words   |  6 PagesMaslow’s hierarchy of needs (p. 379 in EP)? Outline each level and discuss how it relates to motivation. Abraham Maslow was born in 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He originally studied law because of the influence of my parents, but after marrying his first cousin, Bertha Goodman, and moving to Wisconsin, he became interested in psychology. After achieving his Masters in Psychology, Maslow moved back to Brooklyn and started teaching at a school there. â€Å"One of the many interesting things Maslow noticedRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs982 Words   |  4 PagesAbraham Maslow was one of the most influential and important educational psychologists and is recognized by many for his theory on mankind’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s theory which is known as â€Å"Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs† is best explained as a pyramid of needs that we as humans must meet in order to progress to another stage of needs. There are five stages in the pyramid of needs and they go as follows: physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and finally self-actualization. MaslowRead MoreMaslow s The Hierarchy Of Needs1769 Words   |  8 Pages Summary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Jennifer Thompson Arkansas Tech University Author Note This individual research paper is being submitted on October 13, 2014 for Loretta Cochran’s Management [BUAD 3123] course. â€Æ' Summary of Maslow’s The Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow developed the theories of motivation because he felt that the sophistication of human behavior could not be portrayed through reinforcement or rewards. He felt that human action were directed toward realizationRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1498 Words   |  6 Pagesjust want to survive in life they want to flourish. Maslow s hierarchy of needs explains to us a ranking of needs for most essential to the least. While the interactionist point of view explains how humans are social creatures and social interaction is just as important as all of the other needs listed on Maslow’s Model. Maslow s hierarchy of needs is a ranking of needs for most essential to the least. Corrections Today explains that Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist born in New York, heRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1846 Words   |  8 PagesAbraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of needs (HON) to try and explain human psychological developments and how these manifest themselves into a worker’s life. We will explore some issues brought up by the model and why it may lack a certain the degree of unification and how it could potentially work better if entwined with other views. Motivation is the â€Å"word derived from the word ’motive’ It’s the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals† (guide, 2017) Also, MaslowRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pages This international technology company demands strong motivation, stupendous leadership and great understanding between workers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. This report is based on a content/needs theory of motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). It consists of two pieces of primary research on the theory. The first one summarises worker motivation on selected construction sites inRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs1388 Words   |  6 Pages Abraham Maslow was an American philosopher who was born in the early 1990 s in Brooklyn, New York. He was one of the leading theorists that promoted humanistic psychology during his era. Maslow sought to understand what motivates and inspires individuals. He theorized that individuals possess and hold a group of motivation and incentive systems not related to plunder or insensible desires. Maslow declared that people are motivated and provoked to attain certain needs. When one need is fulfilled

Is Happiness Worth Pursuing Essay - 1240 Words

Is happiness worth pursuing? - Accepting the fact of not being permanent convinces me that a collection of various happy moments might be the only thing that matters. However, happiness is not the top of the mountain as me and Sisyphus from Albert Camus’s philosophical essay initially assumed. Projecting happiness in the future prevents us from experiencing happiness of the present. We tend to waste time longing for the mountain while happiness hides in each corner. Nonetheless, there is one trouble with happiness: it is often invisible and needs to be seized. I believe that an appropriate perception can be recognize covered happiness. Mind and thought play a more important role in creating happiness than the empirical behavior and life circumstances. Perception determines the way we reflect the world and life and therefore, influences our attention and ability to detect happiness. I had a different perspective before taking the course concerned with happiness. According to the survey I completed in the beginning of the semester, I considered the possibility that happiness is in fact a fallacy: â€Å"Is it an illusion we keep believing to give meaning to our lives?† I also argued that prolonged happiness is unattainable, and defined happiness as a unique and temporary feeling I experienced only twice in my life. I remember lying on the grass, admiring the sky full of bright stars and feeling the excitement of just â€Å"being†. The emotion I call excitement is hard to describe. As ifShow MoreRelatedUtilitarianism vs. Individualism1366 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism vs. Individualism Arguments for utilitarianism and individualism will never end. The essence of utilitarianism, pleasure is the chief end of life and the greatest happiness for the greatest number should be the ultimate goal of human beings, has always been a crucial matter of concern and controversy. It is regarded as an exploit of people’s freedom and individualism. However, individualism is deemed as an ignorance of teamwork. We cannot simply tell which one is superior to theRead MoreThe Frustrating Pursuit of Happiness1299 Words   |  5 Pagesconstantly striving towards happiness. People will work their entire life chasing something and in the end still be unhappy. Continually pursuing this idealistic goal of happiness and never feeling as though they have accomplished it, leaving people wondering if it is even worth it. It often makes people question what happiness is even considered anymore in today’s society and curious as to how they can achieve such a thing. Devoting oneâ€⠄¢s entire life to achieving happiness in our 21st century societyRead MoreLiving A True, Good And Happy Life897 Words   |  4 Pagescertainly worth living. Now, there are some people who would argue that pursuing a life based on the standards of â€Å"wanting what the universe wants†. I can argue plentily that as humans, we have individual, diverse needs. The universe will not accommodate to all those nitpicky needs of ours. This, is precisely what the Stoics have settled to say that this is the way to obtain the happiest of lives. However, the former, Epicureans, more of a peaceful, natural atmosphere to the pursuit of happiness. HenceRead MoreThe American Dream823 Words   |  4 Pages(read:rich) if they just work hard enough (Wulick). The American Dream is also influenced by those that have money and are successful. These people are looked up to as a goal when it comes to a better life. The American dream also includes overall happiness that stems from a successful lif e and career. People still believe that they can enjoy happy, comfortable, and successful in America through the hard work (10 Facts about American Dream). The American dream has existed for centuries. It is theRead MoreEpicurus : The Purpose Of Life1041 Words   |  5 Pageswhat makes life worth living.† However, I will also argue that Epicurus and Mill would disagree with Peter because he states, â€Å"So I am going to eat, drink, and have sex all day, every day!† Their disagreement is due to their different beliefs on how to achieve pleasure. I will also explain that the extent to which Mill disagrees is more severe than that of Epicurus. I am going to explain why Epicurus agrees with Peter’s statement that pleasure is the only thing that makes life worth living. EpicurusRead MoreTransformational Leadership Is The Pursuit Of Happiness893 Words   |  4 Pagesthey are moral exemplars who works towards the benefit of the people and their followers. Transactional leadership, on the other hand, is based on â€Å"give and take† selfish needs. Further, the core idea for transforming leadership is the pursuit of happiness. A pursuit toward the ultimate destination of the journey (the goal). Even if a leader does not reach that goal, the journey and pursuit is still an important dynamic. A leader must have transforming values and empowering values. They must declareRead MoreAristotle And Heidegger s Theories About Ethics1525 Words   |  7 PagesAristotle makes a distinction between pursuing ends to a mean. As Schwab (2016, April 26) states, â€Å"To be worthy of choice requires that something either be an e nd, or serve an end.† He then discusses that we decide what we care about about is meaningful to us individually but overall makes us happy. For example, Aristotle states, â€Å"Hence its end will include the ends of the other sciences, and so will be the human good.† (Aristotle, 1094b5) Two ways of pursuing this is through good means and good endsRead MoreEssay on Summer Reading756 Words   |  4 Pagesof success, happiness, and fulfillment will always begin by observing ourselves, from finding inner peace, figuring out your purpose, and pursuing it through hard work with the passion to commit in to our goal that will shape up our life. Without persistence and hard work it is impossible to succeed. A life without direction could lead to a path of uncertainty and without contentment. Also a life without inner peace is a life without true happiness. To follow a life of success, happiness, and fulfillmentRead MoreThe Pursuit Of Happiness By Aristotle1156 Words   |  5 Pages The pursuit of happiness is the reason for our existence (Aristotle, 2004) The Greek word that usually gets translated as happiness is eudaimonia, and like most translations from ancient languages, there is a loss of deeper meaning in translation. According to Aristotle happiness (eudaimonia) is the central purpose of human life and a goal in itself (Aristotle, 2004) (Creed, Wardman 1963). Because of this ideology, Aristotle devoted much of his time discussing and explaining this philosophy (HughesRead MoreReview of Against Work Essay examples1267 Words   |  6 Pagesthe different opinions from the four famous authorities, some believe that people should work in order to get the food while others always put their attentions on the habits rather than the official work; it brings a idea that people can prove their worth not by their accomplishes but by long hours (Clausen 121). What’s more, the author explained the transformation of the meaning in the term â€Å"workaholism† and poses the different working attitude between Americans and Europeans again (Clausen 121)

Sodium Thiosulfate Reaction Free Essays

eLearning 2009 Publication No. 91860 Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid Rate Laws Introduction The purpose of this demonstration is to investigate the effect of sodium thiosulfate concentration on the rate of reaction of sodium thiosulfate with hydrochloric acid. The reaction, which produces solid sulfur, will be followed by measuring the time needed for the reaction mixture to become opaque. We will write a custom essay sample on Sodium Thiosulfate Reaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now The results will be analyzed graphically to determine the order of reaction— the mathematical relationship between the reactant concentration and the rate. Concepts †¢ Kinetics †¢ Order of reaction †¢ Rate law †¢ Concentration Materials Hydrochloric acid solution, HCl, 2 M, 25 mL Sodium thiosulfate solution, Na2S2O3, 0. 15 M, 150 mL Distilled or deionized water Beakers, 100-mL, 5 Graduated cylinders, 50- or 100-mL, 2 Graduated cylinders, 10-mL, 5 Overhead projector or light box Permanent marker Stirring rods Stopwatch or timer Safety Precautions Hydrochloric acid solution is corrosive to eyes and skin. It is moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Sodium thiosulfate solution is a body tissue irritant. The reaction of sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid generates sulfur dioxide gas, which is a skin and eye irritant. Perform this demonstration in a well-ventilated lab only. Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin. Wear chemical splash goggles, temperature-resistant gloves, and chemical-resistant apron. Please review current Material Safety Data Sheets for additional safety, handling, and disposal information. Procedure 1. Label five 100-mL beakers 1–5 and clean the bottom of each beaker. 2. Draw a large â€Å"X† across the bottom on the outside of each beaker. Place the beakers on an overhead projector stage or a light box so that students can view the â€Å"X. † 3. Using separate graduated cylinders for the solution and water, measure and add the required amounts of 0. 15 M sodium thiosulfate and distilled water to each beaker. Be as precise as possible. Beaker 0. 15 M Na2S2O3 Distilled Water 1 50. 0 mL 0 mL 2 40. 0 mL 10. 0 mL 3 30. 0 mL 20. 0 mL 4 20. 0 mL 30. 0 mL 5 10. 0 mL 40. 0 mL 4. Have students calculate the final concentration of sodium thiosulfate in each beaker 1–5. 91860 011509 Flinn Scientific—Teaching Chemistry eLearning Video Series 5. Record the following information in a data table: Beaker, volume of Na2S2O3 solution, volume of distilled water, concentration of Na2S2O3, reaction time (sec), and 1/reaction time (reaction rate). See the Sample Data and Results table in the Discussion section. 6. Measure 5. 0 mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid into each of five 10-mL graduated cylinders. 7. Starting with beaker #1, carefully add the HCl all in one pour to the sodium thiosulfate solution. Stir the solution once with a stirring rod and immediately start timing. 8. Stop timing when the black â€Å"X† is no longer visible. Record the reaction time in seconds in the data table. . Repeat steps 7 and 8 with beakers 2–5. 10. Calculate 1/reaction time for each trial. Plot concentration vs. time and concentration vs. 1/time on separate graphs. Disposal Please consult your current Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for general guidelines and specific procedures governing the disposal of laboratory waste. Collect the leftover reaction mixtures and filter to separate the solid sulfur product. The sulfur may be disposed of in a landfill according to Flinn Suggested Disposal Method #26a. The filtrate may be neutralized and disposed of down the drain with excess water according to Flinn Suggested Disposal Method #26b. Tips †¢ This activity may be performed as a chemical demonstration with classroom participation or as a student activity. The contents of the beakers project well on an overhead projector and the time to the disappearance of the black â€Å"X† is easily seen and measured. †¢ The reaction may be downsized for a student lab activity. Carry out individual trials in separate wells in a 6-well reaction plate or in small medicine cups. If students will be doing the experiment in the lab, it is a good idea for them to start with beaker #5, because it takes the longest time. The activity may also be performed as a cooperative class exercise with different groups investigating different variables, including the effect of HCl concentration and the effect of temperature. The reaction rate is zero-order with respect to HCl. †¢ Empty the beakers and clean them thoroughly using paper towels to remove the sulfur. If the colloidal sulfur is allowed to sit in the beakers for an extended time, it will be much more difficult to remove the deposits from the glass. †¢ To achieve better mixing of the reactants, add the hydrochloric acid using a 10-mL luer-lock plastic syringe (without needle). Squirt the acid using a fair amount of force. †¢ When lower concentrations of sodium thiosulfate are used, the rate law does not appear to be as simple as predicted in this experiment. At lower concentrations, the reaction appears to be closer to 3/2-order in sodium thiosulfate and 1/2-order in hydrochloric acid. The reaction time is more difficult to measure at lower concentrations because the onset of turbidity is more gradual. †¢ Both the overall chemical equation and the mechanism for the decomposition of sodium thiosulfate are more complex than suggested by Equation 1. The reaction is acid-catalyzed, which means that the acid concentration must have some bearing on the rate in terms of producing an equilibrium concentration of HS2O3– ions, The HS2O3– ion is a reactive intermediate, reacting further with additional S2O32– ions to produce polymeric ions containing multiple S atoms. When the chain of S atoms in a polymeric ion becomes long enough, it â€Å"closes† in on itself to form a ring of elemental sulfur (S8). – — S2O32– + H+ — HS2O3 —— – H—S—SO3– + nS2O32– H—S—(S)n—SO3 + nSO32– – — – – H—S—Sn—SO3 — H+ + S—Sn—SO3 —— – S—S7—SO3 S8 + SO32– –2–  © 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91860 Discussion Sodium thiosulfate reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sulfur and sulfur dioxide (Equation 1). Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) + 2NaCl(aq) Equation 1 The kinetics of the reaction can be analyzed by graphing the concentration of Na2S2O3 as a function of both reaction time and 1/time. A plot of concentration versus time gives a curved line, which levels off as it approaches the x-axis—the reaction slows down as the reactant concentration decreases. The rate of a reaction is inversely proportional to reaction time. A plot of concentration of versus 1/time gives a straight line. The rate is directly proportional to concentration, and the reaction appears to be first order with respect to sodium thiosulfate concentration. Sample Data and Results Beaker 1 2 3 4 5 Volume of Na2S2O3 (mL) 50 40 30 20 10 Volume of H2O (mL) 0 10 20 30 40 [Na2S2O3], M 0. 15 0. 12 0. 090 0. 060 0. 030 Reaction time (sec) 22. 5 27. 3 35. 1 60. 0 159. 1 Reaction rate (1/time, sec–1) . 0444 . 0367 . 0285 . 0167 . 00629 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0. 00 Effect of concentration on reaction time 0. 05 0. 10 0. 15 0. 20 Na 2 S2 O3 Concentration, M 0. 07 0. 6 0. 05 0. 04 0. 03 0. 02 0. 01 0 0. 00 Effect of concentration on reaction rate 0. 05 Na 2 S2 O3 Concentration, M 0. 10 0. 15 0. 20 –3–  © 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91860 Connecting to the National Standards This laboratory activity relates to the following National Science Education Standards (1996): Unifying Concepts and Processes: Grades K–12 Evidence, models, and explanation Constancy, change, and measurement Content Standards: Grades 9–12 Content Standard A: Science as Inquiry Content Standard B: Physical Science, structure and properties of matter, chemical reactions, motions and forces Flinn Scientific—Teaching Chemistryâ„ ¢ eLearning Video Series A video of the Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid activity, presented by Annis Hapkiewicz, is available in Rate Laws, part of the Flinn Scientific—Teaching Chemistry eLearning Video Series. Materials for Rate of Reaction of Sodium Thiosulfate and Hydrochloric Acid are available from Flinn Scientific, Inc. Materials required to perform this activity are available in the Reaction Order and Rate Laws—Student Laboratory Kit available from Flinn Scientific. Materials may also be purchased separately. Catalog No. Description AP4864 H0034 S0114 AP1572 GP1010 GP2005 GP2015 Reaction Order and Rate Laws—Student Laboratory Kit Hydrochloric Acid, 3 M, 500 mL Sodium Thiosulfate Pentahydrate, Reagent, 500 g Timer, Stopwatch, Flinn Beaker, Borosilicate Glass, 100 mL Graduated Cylinder, Borosilicate Glass, 10-mL Graduated Cylinder, Borosilicate Glass, 50-mL Consult your Flinn Scientific Catalog/Reference Manual for current prices. –4–  © 2009 Flinn Scientific, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 91860 How to cite Sodium Thiosulfate Reaction, Essay examples